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interpupillary distance
Interpupillary distance (IPD) is the distance between the center of the pupils of the two eyes. IPD is critical for the design of binocular viewing systems, where both eye pupils need to be positioned within the exit pupils of the viewing system.〔Moffitt, K. (1997). Designing HMDs for viewing comfort. In J. E. Melzer & K. Moffitt (eds.), ''Head mounted displays: Designing for the user''. New York: McGraw-Hill.〕 These viewing systems include binocular microscopes, night vision devices or goggles (NVGs), and head-mounted displays (HMDs). IPD data are used in the design of such systems to specify the range of lateral adjustment of the exit optics or eyepieces. IPD is also used to describe the distance between the exit pupils or optical axes of a binocular optical system.
Pupillary distance (PD) also describes the distance between the two pupils, but is an optometric term used to specify prescription eyewear. The PD of a patient is used to specify prescriptive eyewear for that patient. The distinction with IPD is the importance of anthropometric databases and the design of binocular viewing devices with an IPD adjustment that will fit a targeted population of users.
== Measurement ==
IPD can be precisely measured with a pupilometer. This device presents a simple binocular target that can be set from a close viewing distance out to optical infinity. Closer settings will result in an IPD reduction associated with convergent eyepieces.〔Farrell, R. J., & Booth, J. M. (1975). ''Design handbook for imagery interpretation equipment''. Seattle WA: Boeing Aerospace Company.〕 Some pupilometers provide a separate distance readout for the left- and right-eye—taking ocular asymmetry into account.
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